Original photo-etched large scale map to illustrate the operations of the British 3rd Corp supported by the 1st Australian Division from September 19th to September 22nd 1918, following the first successful day of The Battle of Épehy taken from, The Story of the Fourth Army Battles of the Hundred Days written by Major General Sir Archibald Montgomery, an Officer of the final campaign to end WWI.
The map shows the front line and the line reached on each of the consecutive nights and the positions of the various divisions participating.
On the 18th September 1918, Allied forces, spearheaded by the Australian Corps and British Fourth Army, launched a major offensive against the heavily fortified Outpost Line of the Hindenburg Line near Épehy, France. It became known as The Battle of Épehy. The Outpost Line was a 1 mile deep highly fortified system of trenches, machine gun posts and deep wiring located in front of the main Hindenburg Line. The attack was the “critical preliminary attack” designed to break the German defensive system allowing the Allies to move their artillery forward and prepare for the final assault on the main Hindenburg Line. After fierce fighting the Allies captured 3 miles of territory during the day, taking thousands of prisoners and breaking the back of the outer advance battlements of the Hindenburg Line.
Further action on the September 19th saw the 3rd British Corp of the Fourth Army, supported by the 1st Australian Division, continue to fight fiercely. The combat was extremely hard, with a determined German rearguard and the use of their extensive machine gun nests.
The 3rd Corp positioned on the northern flank of the attack were tasked with clearing out the heavily defended German outpost positions and villages including Ronssoy, Lempire, and portions of Épehy not captured the previous day.
The III Corps fell slightly short of seizing all of their final targeted outpost villages on September 19, setting the stage for further fighting in the area over the coming days, prior to the grand offensive on the St. Quentin Canal.
Britain’s Fourth Army under Gen. Sir Henry Rawlinson, was the force that bore much of the brunt of the campaign called the Hundred Days – the great counter attack beginning on August 8th 1918 which finally forced the German command to sue for the Armistice that came into effect on November 11th, ending the Great War in the West. Germany’s commander Gen. Paul von Hindenburg called August 8th the black day of the German army in this war and it was indeed the beginning of the end. The high tide of Ludendorff’s Spring Offensives had been halted just before the vital Cathedral city and road and rail junction of Amiens, and on August 8th, spearheaded by Australian troops and a strong force of tanks, the Allies hit back. New tactics had at last been learned after the futile offensives of 1915, 1916, and 1917, and the Allied troops moved forward under the cover of creeping barrages in small, fast-moving groups tasked to achievable bite and hold operations. When resistance stiffened the attack would be broken off and renewed on another part of the line. By such means the seemingly impregnable Hindenburg Line – which made use of canals and tunnels to form a mighty defence barrier – was rapidly broken and the offensive passed into the open country to the East. The final battles fought by the Fourth Army early in November were near Le Cateau, ironically the site of the battle in 1914 that had begun the war.
In WWI the Western Front was the main theatre of combat, a 700-kilometre line of trenches and fortifications stretching from the Swiss border to the North Sea. Much of the front-line encompassed France and Belgium’s vital industrial regions and, at times parts of Southern Germany. Between 1914 and 1918 this area was the war’s most critical area of fighting defined by the horrors of trench warfare with immense casualty rates, and for most of the war, a ‘brutal stalemate’ between the Allies and Germany.
The Front was characterised by five things:
Trench warfare – where both sides ‘dug in’ creating a vast network of trenches allowing both sides to hold ground leading to a war of attrition
Industrialised warfare – which included tanks, aircraft, advanced artillery and the extensive use of machine guns
Chemical warfare – tear gas, chlorine and mustard gas was used by both sides. The use of these was prohibited in the Geneva Convention in 1925
Disease – with the unsanitary conditions in the trench’s disease carried by rodents and water were rife, contributing to many unnecessary deaths
No Man’s Land – the devastated and dangerous space between the opposing forces, the name of which is indelibly linked with the futility of this War.
Major battles included the Battle of the Marne in 1914 which halted the German’s Schlieffen Plan preventing the early fall of Paris. The Battle of the Verdun in 1916, a ten-month battle designed to bleed France white resulting in over 700,000 casualties. The Battle of the Somme in 1916 which was an Allied offensive known for having 1 million casualties including over 57,000 British casualties on the first day alone. The Third Battle of Ypres and Passchendaele in 1917 famous for horrific mud and heavy losses with limited gains. The German Spring Offensive in 1918 which was Germany’s final attempt at victory before the arrival of American troops which nearly broke Allied lines, and the Hundred Days Offensive in 1918 which was the Allies final offensive that broke German lines and forced the November 11th Armistice.
